Recognise and write letters د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض (letters 8–14, split across two families)
F1Lesson 2 of 12◇ Core language
Letters 8–14 and Sun & Moon Letters — An Introduction
الحروف من 8 إلى 14 والحروف الشمسية والقمرية
Arabic Script & Sounds · Script and sound foundations
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Learning Objectives
Focus on these outcomes rather than trying to memorise everything at once.
Understand the concept of sun and moon letters at a basic level
Practise writing letters in isolation with correct direction
Revision plan
- 10 minWarm-upRapid recall — last lesson's letters
- 10 minStep 1The paired letters: د ذ and ر ز
- 12 minStep 2The tooth family: س ش and the heavy pair: ص ض
- 15 minStep 3Sun and Moon Letters — first encounter
- 10 minPlenarySun or Moon? Sorting activity
Exam connection: This unit builds the script foundation for all subsequent units and all four exam papers. Paper 1 Listening and Paper 2 Reading both require you to process Modern Standard Arabic in script form.
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Vocabulary
Tap each card to reveal the meaning, category and example.
Three-step recall
- Say the Arabic aloud.
- Cover the meaning and recall it.
- Use six items in your own spoken or written sentences.
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Quizzes
Use the two short checks. Errors show you what to revise next.
Quiz 1 — Meaning check
0 / 61. What does الـ mean?
2. What does د mean?
3. What does ذ mean?
4. What does يَتَّصِل mean?
5. What does الحُروف الشَّمْسِيَّة mean?
6. What does قَمَر mean?
Quiz 2 — Match Arabic and English
العربية
English
Matched: 0 / 6
Stretch challenge
Choose three matched items and combine them into one accurate sentence or short exchange.
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Grammar
Read the rule, notice the pattern and then produce your own examples.
Core rule / strategy
Sun letters (الحروف الشمسية): assimilate with ال. Moon letters (الحروف القمرية): ال pronounced in full. Introduction only — full application in F3.
Notice the pattern
- د
- ذ
- ر
- ز
Accuracy checklist
- Check the subject and verb or noun/adjective agreement.
- Check gender, number and tense or time frame.
- Use the lesson structure in a complete, meaningful sentence.
- Read the sentence aloud and correct anything that sounds incomplete.
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Check a model pattern after you try
Compare your sentences with these lesson patterns. Check the same agreement, tense or word order.
- الحروف الشمسية
- الحروف القمرية
Now correct one of your own sentences if needed.
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Skills Practice
Practise listening, reading, speaking and writing with the same lesson language.
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Listening
Listen for opinion. Listen twice: first for the overall meaning, then for evidence.
🎧 Recorded audio coming soon — use the device voice for listening practice now. Keep the transcript hidden for your first two listens.
اِقرَأْ بِصَوتٍ واضِح: د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، شَمْس، قَمَر. لاحِظِ الشَّكلَ والصَّوتَ واتِّجاهَ الكِتابة.
- What is the main topic or situation?
- Does the speaker/text sound positive, negative or neutral?
- Write one word or phrase that supports your answer.
Check your listening
A successful answer identifies the main topic, at least three accurate words and one relevant detail. Replay once, then reveal the transcript only if you still need support.
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Reading
Underline known words before answering.
أ ب ت ث ج ح خ. الحروف الشمسية. الحروف القمرية.
- What is the main idea or situation?
- Choose one phrase and explain what it means in this context.
- Find one example that shows the lesson language or grammar in use.
- What extra detail could you add to make the text more complete?
Reading support
Start with names, numbers, repeated words, connectors and familiar verb patterns. You do not need to translate every word.
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Speaking
Build your answer, then ask a follow-up question.
- Read five lesson items aloud, then demonstrate the sound or script pattern in two examples.
- Use at least three useful items from this lesson and one complete sentence with the target grammar.
- Add one reason, detail or example instead of giving only a short answer.
Useful frame:في رَأيي.. لِأَنَّ.. أَيضاً.. وَمِن جِهَةٍ أُخرى..
Working alone? Record yourself for 30–60 seconds, listen back once, and improve one pronunciation, grammar or fluency point.
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Writing
Plan, write, check and improve.
Task: Create a short practice line using the lesson letters or sound pattern. Keep it accurate rather than long. Target: 40–60 words.
Need help? Build your answer in small steps
- Opening: one clear sentence that answers the task.
- Detail: add two relevant pieces of information.
- Extend: add a reason, opinion, time phrase or example.
- Check: compare agreement, spelling and tense with the lesson rule.
Patterns from this lesson you can adapt:
- أ ب ت ث ج ح خ
- الحروف الشمسية
- الحروف القمرية
Try first without opening this support. Adapt the patterns; do not copy them as a complete answer.
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Activities
Complete the activities in order, or choose the one that addresses your weakest area.
Independent revision: if an activity mentions a partner, cards, a picture or classroom equipment, use paper/notes on your device and complete both sides yourself. For speaking, record your answer and listen back once.
Warm-up10 min
Rapid recall — last lesson's letters
Flash each of the 7 letters from Lesson 1 (أ ب ت ث ج ح خ) on paper one at a time. Say the name aloud. Then reverse: your partner says the name, write it on paper. Quick and energetic — aim for all 7 in 6 minutes. Review any from follow-up practice exercise books (check 4–5 books).
Step 110 min
The paired letters: د ذ and ر ز
Introduce د ذ (same shape, dot below for ذ) and ر ز (same shape, dot above for ز). These letters do NOT join to the letter that follows them — an important rule. Write this down and highlight it with a red arrow: "joins only to the LEFT, never to the RIGHT." you copy letters 5 times each noting the non-joining rule.
Step 212 min
The tooth family: س ش and the heavy pair: ص ض
Introduce س ش (3 teeth, distinguished by 3 dots above for ش). Then ص ض (open loop — ص has no dot, ض has dot above). Drill all four in sequence. Write each letter 4 times. Pair practice: Partner A writes any letter from today on paper or a notes app, Partner B names it and says "joining" or "non-joining" (all today's letters join on both sides except د ذ ر ز from earlier).
Step 315 min
Sun and Moon Letters — first encounter
Study the word الشمس (the sun) and القمر (the moon). Explain: when ال (the) comes before a sun letter, the ل disappears into the letter sound (assimilation). When it comes before a moon letter, ال is pronounced in full. Play or say both words aloud clearly. Listen and repeat. Don't require full mastery yet — this is an introduction. Learners who already speak some Arabic at home may already know this from Quran recitation — invite them to explain in their own words.
Plenary10 min
Sun or Moon? Sorting activity
Write 8 letters on paper (mix of sun and moon from letters learned so far). Write S or M in their books for each. Go through answers together. Then do a choral round of all 14 letters learned so far: your partner points, you say the name in unison.
Useful to have
Things you can make or find to help you revise this lesson:
- Flashcards (د–ض)
- Alphabet writing worksheet (lines)
Stretch challenge
If you already speak some Arabic at home: write الشمس and القمر in full and identify which letters in each word they already know from Quranic recitation. Attempt to write one more word using ال + a sun letter.
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Plenary
Finish with a quick check and one clear next step.
Key takeaways
- Recognise and write letters د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض (letters 8–14, split across two families)
- Understand the concept of sun and moon letters at a basic level
- Practise writing letters in isolation with correct direction
- Grammar focus: Sun letters (الحروف الشمسية): assimilate with ال. Moon letters (الحروف القمرية): ال pronounced in full. Introduction only — full application in F3.
Final check
partner observation during pair activity. Sun/Moon sorting (self-marked in plenary).
Optional follow-up
Write the alphabet letters 1–14 from memory in order, leaving a box next to each. Tick if it is a sun letter, circle if moon letter. Check using class alphabet chart.
Confidence check
How secure do you feel after this lesson?
Remember: quick revision works best when you revisit weak vocabulary and correct errors, not when you try to complete everything in one sitting.